ASTM / ASME Siab Vessel Steel
ASTM / ASME Siab Vessel Stee Manufacturers
Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm ASTM / ASME Pressure Vessel Steel
ASTM / ASME siab hlab ntsha steels yogsiab - zoo carbon thiab alloy steelstshwj xeeb yog tsim los khaws cov kua lossis cov pa roj thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov. Cov ntaub ntawv no tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv boilers, kub exchangers, thiab tanks.
ThaumASTMtxhais cov khoom specifications (piv txwv li, A516),ASME (SA)teev cov fabrication codes rau pressurized systems. Cov qib zoo liSA516 Gr . 70muab zoo heev notch toughness thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau industrial manufacturing.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm ASME Vessel Steel Phaj
Peb ASME-cov ntawv pov thawj siab lub nkoj yog tsim los ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam ib puag ncig, muab xya qhov txiaj ntsig zoo:
- Siab zog:Tsim los tiv taus huab cua siab thiab kub kub thaum tswj kev ua haujlwm zoo.
- Zoo Weldability:Engineered kom yooj yim ntawm fabrication thiab kev tsim kho nyob rau hauv complex nkoj tsim.
- Zoo heev Toughness:Kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv siab pab tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj loj, ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntev -.
- Corrosion Resistance:Cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb alloying txhim khu kev tiv thaiv oxidation thiab corrosive chemicals, ua rau kev pab cuam lub neej.
- Ntau yam ntawm Qib:Muaj kev xaiv ntau yam ntawm cov qib kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
- Strict Quality Standards:Txhua lub phaj tau dhau los ua kev sim thiab tshuaj xyuas kom ua raws li cov qauv kev nyab xeeb thoob ntiaj teb.
- Daim ntawv thov Versatility:Dav siv nyob rau hauv roj thiab roj, petrochemical, hluav taws xob tsim, thiab tshuaj ua lag luam.
Feem ntau ASTM / ASME Steel Qib
Peb muab tag nrho cov spectrum ntawm siab hlab ntsha steel qib tailored rau txawv kub thiab ib puag ncig yuav tsum tau:
ASTM A516 / ASME SA516 (Gr. 55, 60, 65, 70):Tus qauv rau nruab nrab thiab qis -kev pabcuam kub; muab siab toughness thiab weldability.
ASTM A515 / ASME SA515 (Gr{2}}, 60, 65, 70):Haum rau nruab nrab thiab siab dua -kev pabcuam kub.
ASTM A537 / ASME SA537 (Class 1, 2, 3):Thaum tshav kub kub- kho cov pa roj carbon steel muab cov txiaj ntsig siab dua thiab lub zog tensile tshaj A516.
ASTM A387 / ASME SA387 (Gr. 11, 12, 22, 91):Chrome-moly alloy steel rau siab-kev siv kub.
ASTM A204 / ASME SA204 (Gr. A, B, C):Molybdenum alloy steel tsim tshwj xeeb rau welded boilers.
ASTM A203 / ASME SA203 (Gr. A, B, D, E, F):Nickel alloy steel siv rau nws cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws cryogenic.
ASTM A612 / ASME SA612 Cov Lus Qhia:High-lub zog steel npaj rau nruab nrab- qhov kub thiab txias.
Technical Specifications: HIC Test Parameters
Rau "Sour Service" ib puag ncig uas hydrogen -induced cracking yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo, peb daim hlau ua tau raws li qhov nrujTIAB SA TM0284HIC cov kev cai xeem.
Guaranteed condition:HIC cov cai tsuas yog lav nyob rau hauvnormalized plus stress-relieved/post-weld heat-kho (PWHT)mob.
Txoj Kev Xeem:NACE TM0284 Solution A.
Kev lees txais (Sample Average):
CLR(Crack Length Ratio) Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 5%
CTR(Crack Thickness Ratio) Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 1.5%
CSR(Crack Sensitivity Ratio) Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.5%
PWHT Requirements:
Yam tsawg kawg nkaus:1 teev / nti @ 1125℃F (1 teev yam tsawg kawg nkaus).
Qhov siab tshaj plaws (rau A516-70):Muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg siv khoom- teev cov voj voog mus txog 1175℃F rau 1 teev / nti (txog 2.0 ntiv tes tuab).
Xeem zaus:Ua rau ntawm lub phaj nyias nyias ib lub tshav kub (kev sim ntxiv muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov kev thov).
Stainless Hlau Vessel Qib
Los ntawm kev ntxiv qee feem pua ntawm chromium, npib tsib xee thiab molybdenum, yuav ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Xws li siv nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov los yog tshuaj industries.
Kev tsim cov hlab ntsha siab yog nruj nruj raws li qhov kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam thiab vim li ntawd cov khoom siv uas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov hlab ntsha kuj tseem nruj nruj. Cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws rau cov hlab ntsha siab yog cov qauv EN10028 - uas yog European hauv keeb kwm - thiab cov qauv ASME / ASTM uas yog los ntawm Asmeskas.
Peb tseem tuaj yeem muab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb siab lub nkoj steel phaj siv hauv kev lag luam roj thiab roj thiab tshwj xeeb hauv steel phaj tiv thaiv Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC).
HIC Resistant Pressure Vessel Steel Phaj (NACE)
Cov phaj no tau txais kev pabcuam hauv cov cuab yeej siv hauv H2S- muaj ib puag ncig (rau cov kev pabcuam qaub), H2S yog cov tshuaj phem uas feem ntau yooj yim los tsim cov corrosion tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov roj thiab roj ntau lawm. Tus qauv xa mus yog NACE MR0175.
Vim li cas thiaj xaiv peb?
Ntawv pov thawj:Tag nrho traceability nrog EN 10204 3.1/3.2 MTC.
Customization:Txiav txiav, beveling, thiab dov kev pabcuam.
Kev muab khoom thoob ntiaj teb:Txhim khu kev logistics rau thoob ntiaj teb engineering tej yaam num.
Kev cia siab rau ntau yam khoom siv thawj zaug, xws li CNC Shearing tshuab, Xovxwm nres tshuab, Straightening tshuab, Roll Bending tshuab, Flat Bar Tshuab, Deburring tshuab thiab lwm yam, GNEE STEEL tuaj yeem muab ntau yam semi-cov khoom thiab cov kev pabcuam dav dav rau cov neeg siv khoom.
GNEE STEEL PROCESSING










1. CTL & SL Kev Pabcuam (141 SETS)
Tam sim no, GNEE STEEL tau xa ntau yam khoom siv CTL/SL los ntawm ltalis thiab Kauslim Teb thiab tuaj yeem muab cov kev pabcuam CTL/SL los ntawm cov hlau tsis zoo thiab cov pa roj carbon steel rau kub dov stainless hlau thiab carbon hlau nrog rau strips thiab ultra{0}}wide sheet.
CTL FACILITIES
Max Length: 16500mm
Max dav: 2200mm
Max Thickness: 25.4 hli
Max tawm zog: 1500Mpa
SL FACILITY
Max dav: 2200mm
Max Thickness: 18 hli
Max qhov ntau: 31
Max tawm zog: 1200Mpa


2.Kev pab cuam txiav
GNEE STEEL tau xa tawm ntau lub tshuab txiav siab heev los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, Sweden, Amelikas thiab Nyij Pooj, suav nrog plasmas txiav tshuab, dej dav hlau txiav tshuab, laser txiav tshuab, nplaim taws txiav tshuab thiab pom tshuab. Txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau ntau haiv neeg, GNEE STEEL kuj tseem siv lub zes ua haujlwm ntau-txoj kev txiav thiab siv ntau lawm los txhim kho kev tsim khoom thiab txuag nqi rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Laser Tej Tshuab
Max Txiav Length: 40,000mm
Max dav: 4,600mm
Max Thickness: 100 hli
nplaim taws txiav tshuab
Max Txiav Length: 40,000mm
Max dav: 8,000mm
Max Thickness: 500 hli

Plasmas Tej Tshuab
Max Txiav Length: 30,000mm
Max dav: 5,000mm
Max Thickness: 100 hli
Dej- dav hlau txiav
Max Txiav Length: 12,000mm
Max dav: 4,010mm
Max Thickness: 250 hli

3. KEV PAB CUAM
Hlau Phaj Roll Bending
Max Rolling Thickness: mus txog 200mm
Qhov siab tshaj plaws: 4200mm


Tsis siv neeg dabtsi yog khoov tshuab -Nias Nres
Max Bending Peev Xwm:3000Ton
Max dabtsi yog khoov Length:15,000 mm
Cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev khoov siab -Lub zog & Hnav-Resistant Steels



Punching Tshuab
Max dav: 3,070mm
Max Thickness: 8 hli
Max siab: 250t

BEEVELING SERVICE
GNEE STEEL beveling platform muaj ntug milling tshuab, ntug planer, nplaim taws / ntshav zawj txiav tshuab, nplaim zawj txiav neeg hlau, desktop chamfering tshuab, gantry planer thiab lwm yam khoom siv siab heev los muab cov neeg siv khoom nrog cov kev pabcuam prefabrication, kev ua txhua hnub ntawm V- hom, Y- hom, X{2} thiab {2} cov txheej txheem tom ntej xws li vuam thiab sib dhos ntawm cov khoom.
Milling:
Max Txiav Length: 18,000mm
Max dav: 4500mm
Max Thickness: 120 hli


Beveling:
Max Length: 16,000mm
Max Thickness: 80 hli

MACHINING SERVICE
GNEE STEEL muaj CNC Portal -hom tho txawv thiab Milling tshuab, CNC pem teb- hom tho txawv thiab Milling tshuab, Vertical Precision 5-axis Milling Tshuab, Portal-hom Planer, Vertical Lathe, Cylindical Sib Tsoo tshuab, Hydraulic Planer thiab CNC Tshuab dhos thiab tuaj yeem muab cov khoom siv zoo rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Gantry Hom tho txawv & Milling Maching Center
Max Length: 48000mm
Max dav: 12500mm
Max Qhov siab: 8000mm
Max qhov siab: 10500mm

Sib sib zog nqus- qhov Drilling Equipment
Max Driling Qhov tob: 1,100mm
Max Qhov Loj: φ80mm
Max Diameter: φ4,500mm

MMulti-Qhov Drilling Equipment
Max Length: 13,000mm
Max dav: 10,000mm
Max Qhov Loj: φ105mm
Max Drilling qhov tob: 250mm

Pem teb tho txawv Thiab Milling Tshuab
Max Length: 24,000mm
Max Qhov siab: 8,000mm
Loj: 9x5m

Tshuab dhos ntsug
Max Qhov siab: 6,000mm
Max Diameter: φ22,00mm

Automated Ntug Milling Tshuab
Automated Edge Milling Tshuab yog cov khoom lag luam loj hauv -cov khoom siv milling. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau kev npaj vuam zawj (beveling) ntawm loj - daim hlau ua los ntawm stainless hlau, carbon hlau, thiab qib steel tshwj xeeb. Nws tuaj yeem ua cov phaj nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws thickness txog li 90 hli, qhov ntev ntawm 16 meters, thiab qhov dav ntawm 4 meters.
Nws yog nruab nrog dual milling units thiab lub siab tsis siv neeg milling cutter lub taub hau hloov qhov system, ua kom automated 4-ntug beveling. Nws qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws yog cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob siv thaum milling wavy daim hlau thiab cov khoom tsis sib xws, uas ua kom muaj qhov sib xws ntawm qhov zawj tom qab milling.
Siv tshwj xeeb tsim milling cutter hau, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau heev nyuaj thiab complex zawj profiles nyob rau hauv ib tug pass.
Khoom siv:Cov pa roj carbon monoxide steel, siab nkoj steel, hnav-cov hlau tsis muaj zog, siab- lub zog steel, stainless hlau, nickel{2}}raws li alloys, thiab lwm yam.
Dav:1200 - 4200 hli
Ntev:5800 - 16000 hli
Thickness:5 - 90 hli
Qhov hnyav:Txog li 35 tons
Lub tshuab ntug milling no yog lub ntiaj teb premier automated bevel milling khoom. Nrog nws cov qauv tsim zoo heev thiab cov ntaub ntawv siab heev algorithms, nws ua tiav tag nrho automation los ntawm kev kuaj xyuas phaj mus rau cov txheej txheem milling tiag tiag, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo thaum lav qhov siab.
- Kev ua kom raug
Ntev raug:± 1 hli thaum L <10m; ± 2 hli thaum L> 10m;
Dav raug:± 1 hli;
Diagonal raug:± 2 hli;
Hauv paus ntsej muag raug (blunt ntug):± 1mm rau Y-grooves; +0.5mm rau X-grooves.
- Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo
Kev ua tau zoo yog ntau tshaj 10 npaug ntawm cov khoom siv ntug milling lossis ntug kev npaj.
Kev kho cua sov
Thaum tshav kub kub kho rauv
Max Qhov Loj: 36x12x13.5m
Max ntsuas kub: 1100 degree
Max loading peev: 800t

Kev kho cua sov ntawm cov hlab ntsha
Kev kho cua sov ntawm cov khoom siv mining
Kev kho cua sov ntawm Tube Sheet
Kev kho cua sov ntawm Lub Hwj Chim Lub Taub Hau

Case:Steel Phaj Khoom Rau 100,000m³ Puv Containment Ammonia Storage Tank Project
GNEE STEEL tam sim no koom nrogKev yuav khoom theem ntawm 100,000m³ tag nrho ntim ammonia cia tank project, muab siab - zoo steel phaj rau cov khoom tseem ceeb tank. Vim lub corrosive xwm ntawm ammonia thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawmAmmonia Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), qhov project yuav tsum nruj metallurgical tswj cov ntaub ntawv raws liEN 10028-3 tus qauv.
Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev xav tau ntawm qhov project no yog qhovnruj txwv ntawm qhov tseeb Yield Strength (Re)rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv qib NL2. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv SCC kev pheej hmoo hauv thaj chaw ammonia cia, covyield zog yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 390 MPa, tsis hais tus nqi nominal teev nyob rau hauv tus qauv lossis phaj thickness ntau yam. Qhov kev xav tau no ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntau dua ntawm kev tswj cov txheej txheem steelmaking, kev kho cua sov kom ruaj khov, thiab kuaj cov khoom siv.

Raw siab -lub zog steel daim hlau npaj rau 100,000 m³ tag nrho ntim ammonia cia tank ntau lawm
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov project thiab kev xav tau
Qhov project tsuas yog sivP355NL2 thiab P275NL2 normalized siab lub nkoj steel daim hlau, uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv qis - kub cia tank vim lawv zoo heev toughness thiab weldability.
Cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb suav nrog:
- Cov ntaub ntawv qib:P355NL2 thiab P275NL2 (Normalized)
- Yield zog:Standard yam tsawg kawg nkaus / Maximum txwv rau390 MPa ua
- Hardness:Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 225 HBW hauv cov khoom siv hauv paus
- Kev ntsuam xyuas cuam tshuam:Charpy-V ntsuas ntsuas ntawm-50 degree, yam tsawg kawg 27J
- Ntawv pov thawj:TS EN 102043.1 daim ntawv pov thawj, nrog yeem3.2 ntawv pov thawj
Cov kev cai nruj no xyuas kom meej tias cov hlau phaj tswj cov khoom ruaj khov thiab ua haujlwm siab rau ammonia-ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab corrosion thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev-.

Precision dov thiab tsim cov hlau phaj rau hauv cov ntu nkhaus rau 100,000 m³ ammonia cia tank.
Project Plate Quantity thiab Thickness Distribution
Tag nrho cov hlau xav tau rau qhov project no ammonia cia tank yog ntau txhiab tons, feem ntau faib thoob plaws ntau lub tank:
P355NL2 - Sab hauv & Outer Tank Plhaub daim hlau
- Cov chav kawm qis qis:50 hli thickness - kwv yees li . 2,000 tons
- Cov chav kawm Middle plhaub:25 hli thickness – kwv yees li . 1,400 tons
- Cov chav kawm Upper shell:10 hli thickness – approx . 500 tons
P275NL2 - Tank hauv qab phaj
- Thickness:10–15 mm – approx . 750 tons
P275NL2 - Ncua lub ru tsev
- Thickness:5–8 mm – approx . 180 tons
S275JR - Sab nrauv ru tsev (Ambient Structure)
- Thickness:10 mm – approx . 450 tons
Txhawm rau txhim kho tank fabrication efficiency thiab txo cov voj voog ncig, qhov project kuj xav taudav hlau daim hlautxhawm rau txo qis cov pob qij txha welding, uas yuav pab txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm SCC hauv kev pabcuam ammonia.

Tsim steel ntu qhwv thiab racked rau kev tiv thaiv, npaj rau 100,000 m³ ammonia cia tank sib dhos.
GNEE STEEL muab siab -precision steel phaj dov thiab lub tog raj kheej tsim kev daws teeb meem rau lub tank manufacturers thoob ntiaj teb.Xa peb koj cov phaj specifications los yog fabrication drawings rau ib tug ceev hais.
| HOM | QIB | SPECIFICATIONS |
| Carbon Steel / Tsawg Alloy Coil | Q235A / B / C / D / Q355B (Q345B) / C / D / E / SS400 / SAPH400-C / ASTMA283 Qib C |
0.7 ~ 2.0 * 1250/1500 hli * C 2.3 ~ 19.5 * 1250/1500/1800/2000 hli * C |
| Medium Heavy Phaj | Q235B/Q355B(Q345B)/C/D/E | 6.0-200x150mm-4000mmxL |
| Vessel Phaj |
Q245R/Q345R/HP295/SA516MGR485/SA516GR70/P355NL2/P275NL2/ S275JR / SPV490 / ASTM A537 Chav Kawm 1 / Chav Kawm 2 |
2.5-120x1500mm-3000mmxL |
| Siab zog steel |
510L/610L/700L/750L/BS600MCK4/BS700MCK2/BS700MCK4/ BS960E/BWELDY700QL2/L4/BWELDY960QL4/HG60D/70D/785D/ Q460D/Q550D/690D/690E/TQ600MCD/TQ700MCD/S700MCD/ WYS600/700/STRENX700MCE/Q490E/Q490D |
1.2-60x1500mm-2500mmxL |
| Patterned Hlau | HQ235A|B | 1.2-60x1500mm-2500mmxL |
| Hnav-Resistance Steel |
NM360/400/450/500/NM300TP/400TP/450TP/ ABREX400/450/500/B-HARD450XKY/ CREUSABRO4800/8000/EH C400LE/450LE/500LE/ |
3.0-50x1250mm-3300mmxL |
| Txias Rolled Coil | DC01/RECC/REDT/SPCC/ST12 | 0.5-3.0x1250mm-1500mmxC |
| Galvanized phaj | DC51D+AZ/DC51D+Z/DX51D+Z/SGH340+Z275/Z275/Z120/S350GD+ZM275 | 0.45-3.0x1250mm-1500mmxC |
| Pickled Coil | DD11/SPHC | 2.0-6.0x1500xC |
Stainless hlau khoom thiab nto Specifications
| HOM | QIB | TUB NTXHAIS | KHOOM |
| Austenitic | 304/304H/304L/304J1 | 0.25-150 hli | 2B/BA/NO.4/8K/SB/HL/NO.1 |
| Austenitic | 321 | 0.4-80 hli | 2B/BA/NO.4/8K/SB/HL/NO.1 |
| Austenitic | 316/316L/317L/316 Ti | 0.3-80 hli | 2B/BA/NO.4/8K/SB/HL/NO.1 |
| Austenitic | 201(J1/J2/J5) | 0.35-12 hli | 2B/NO.1/1D |
| Ferrite | 430 | 0.4-3.0 hli | 2B/BA/NO.4/8K/SB/HL |
| Ultra ntshiab Ferrite | 443 | 0.4-2.0 hli | 2B |
| Ultra ntshiab Ferrite | 436L/439/444/441 | 0.5-3.0 hli | 2B/2D |
Tshwj xeeb hlau / Nickel Base Alloy
| HOM | QIB | Qib (ASTM) | Qib (EN) | TUB NTXHAIS |
| Thaum tshav kub kub-Resistant Steel | 309S | S30908 | 1.4833 | 0.5-40 hli |
| Thaum tshav kub kub-Resistant Steel | 310S | S31008 | 1.4845 | 0.5-40 hli |
| Duplex Stainless Hlau | 2101 | S32101 | 1.4162 | 1.5-50 hli |
| Duplex Stainless Hlau | 2304 | S32304 | 1.4362 | 3.0-50 hli |
| Duplex Stainless Hlau | 2205 | S32205/S31803 | 1.4462 | 0.5-60 hli |
| Duplex Stainless Hlau | 2507 | S32750 | 1.4410 | 1.0-60 hli |
| Super Austenitic-Steel | 904L | N08904 | 1.4539 | 0.6-50 hli |
| Super Austenitic-Steel | 254 SIB | S31254 | 1.4547 | 0.5-50 hli |
| Super Austenitic-Steel | 1.4529 | N08926 | 1.4529 | 0.5-50 hli |
| Super Austenitic-Steel | AL-6 XN | N08367 | 1.4478 | 0.5-50 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | Alloy 31 | N08031 | 1.4562 | 1.0-50 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | 800 | N08800 | 1.4876 | 0.8-50 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | 800H | N08810 | 1.4958 | 0.8-50 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | 800 HT | N08811 | 1.4959 | 0.8-50 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | Alloy 28 | N08028 | 1.4563 | 1.0-20 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | Alloy 20 | N08020 | 2.4660 | 1.0-20 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | 825 | N08825 | 2.4858 | 0.8-40 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | C276 | N10276 | 2.4819 | 0.5-50 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | C22 | N06022 | 2.4602 | 1.0-50 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | 625 | N06625 | 2.4856 | 0.8-20 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | 400 | N04400 | 2.4360 | 1.0-20 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | 600 | N06600 | 2.4816 | 1.0-50 hli |
| Nickel Base Alloy | Pure Ni 201 | N02201 | 2.4061 | 0.5-20 hli |
| Titanium | TA1 | Gr.1 | Chav Kawm 1 | 0.5-50 hli |
| Titanium | TA 2 | Gr.2 | Chav kawm 2 | 0.5-50 hli |
Raws li ib qho ntawm cov ua astm / asme siab hlab ntsha steel tuam ntxhab thiab cov muag khoom nyob rau hauv Suav teb, peb sov siab txais tos koj mus yuav astm / asme siab hlab ntsha steel hauv Tshuag ntawm no thiab tau txais cov qauv dawb los ntawm peb lub Hoobkas. Tag nrho cov khoom customized yog nrog cov khoom zoo thiab tus nqi qis.


